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30182
Mouse Reactive Alzheimer's Disease Model Microglia Phenotyping IF Antibody Sampler Kit
Primary Antibodies
Antibody Sampler Kit

Mouse Reactive Alzheimer's Disease Model Microglia Phenotyping IF Antibody Sampler Kit #30182

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Western blot analysis of extracts from various cell lines using Iba1/AIF-1 (E4O4W) XP® Rabbit mAb (upper) and β-Tubulin (D2N5G) Rabbit mAb #15115 (lower).
Western blot analysis of extracts from various cell lines using Cathepsin B (D1C7Y) XP® Rabbit mAb (upper) or β-Actin (D6A8) Rabbit mAb #8457 (lower).
Western blot analysis of cell extracts from Baf3, 32D, and mouse spleen using HS1 (D5A9) XP® Rabbit mAb.
Western blot analysis of extracts from J774A.1 and Raw 264.7 cells using ASC/TMS1 (D2W8U) Rabbit mAb (upper) or β-Actin (D6A8) Rabbit mAb #8457 (lower).
Western blot analysis of extracts from mouse brain tissue, NIH/3T3, and U-118 MG cells using Cathepsin D (E179) Antibody.
After the primary antibody is bound to the target protein, a complex with HRP-linked secondary antibody is formed. The LumiGLO® is added and emits light during enzyme catalyzed decomposition.
Western blot analysis of human Aβ-42, Aβ-40, Aβ-39, Aβ-38, and Aβ-37 peptides (5 ng) using β-Amyloid (D54D2) XP® Rabbit mAb.
Western blot analysis of extracts from SIM-A9, 4T1, and EL4 cells using GPNMB (E7U1Z) Rabbit mAb (upper) and β-Actin (D6A8) Rabbit mAb #8457 (lower). As expected, GPNMB protein is not expressed in either 4T1 or EL4 cells.
Confocal immunofluorescent analysis of wild-type mouse brain (left) and liver (right) using TMEM119 (E3E1O) Rabbit mAb (green). Sections were mounted in ProLong® Gold Antifade Reagent with DAPI #8961 (blue).
Western blot analysis of extracts from Raw 264.7, C2C12, and 3T3 cells using CD11c (D1V9Y) Rabbit mAb (upper) or β-Actin (D6A8) Rabbit mAb #8457 (lower).
Immunoprecipitation of Iba1/AIF-1 from THP-1 cell extracts. Lane 1 is 10% input, lane 2 is Rabbit (DA1E) mAb IgG XP® Isotype Control #3900, and lane 3 is Iba1/AIF-1 (E4O4W) XP® Rabbit mAb. Western blot analysis was performed using Iba1/AIF-1 (E4O4W) XP® Rabbit mAb.
Western blot analysis of extracts from 293T cells, mock transfected (-) or transfected with constructs expressing full-length human Cathepsin B (hCTSB; +) or mouse Cathespin B (mCTSB; +) using Cathepsin B (D1C7Y) XP® Rabbit mAb.
Immunohistochemical analysis of paraffin-embedded mouse spleen using HS1 (D5A9) XP® Rabbit mAb.
Immunoprecipitation of ASC/TMS1 from J774A.1 cell extracts. Lane 1 is 10% input, lane 2 is Rabbit (DA1E) mAb IgG XP® Isotype Control #3900, and lane 3 is ASC (D2W8U) Rabbit mAb. Western blot analysis was performed using ASC/TMS1 (D2W8U) Rabbit mAb.
Projected confocal z-stack of mouse cortex from wild-type (left) or an amyloid mouse model of Alzheimer's disease (right) using Cathepsin D (E179) Antibody (green). After blocking free secondary antibody binding sites with Rabbit (DA1E) mAb IgG XP® Isotype Control #3900, the tissue was then labeled using Iba1/AIF-1 (E4O4W) XP® Rabbit mAb (Alexa Fluor® 555 Conjugate) #36618 (red) and β-Amyloid (D54D2) XP® Rabbit mAb (Alexa Fluor® 594 Conjugate) #35363 (cyan pseudocolor). Sections were mounted in ProLong® Gold Antifade Reagent with DAPI #8961 (blue).
Western blot analysis of the indicated amounts of human Aβ-42 (left) and Aβ-40 (right) peptides using β-Amyloid (D54D2) XP® Rabbit mAb.
Western blot analysis of extracts from B16-F10 cells, mock transfected (-) or transfected with siRNA targeting mouse GPNMB (+), using GPNMB (E7U1Z) Rabbit mAb (upper) and GAPDH (D16H11) XP® Rabbit mAb #5174 (lower).
Confocal immunofluorescent analysis of brain from an amyloid mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease. Sections were labeled with TMEM119 (E3E1O) Rabbit mAb (green) and GFAP (GA5) Mouse mAb #3670 (yellow). Plaques were then stained with β-Amyloid (D54D2) XP® Rabbit mAb (Alexa Fluor® 647 Conjugate) #42284 (red) after blocking free secondary binding sites with Rabbit (DA1E) mAb IgG XP® Isotype Control #3900. Sections were mounted in ProLong® Gold Antifade Reagent with DAPI #8961 (blue).
Immunohistochemical analysis of paraffin-embedded 4T1 mammary tumor using CD11c (D1V9Y) Rabbit mAb performed on the Leica® Bond Rx.
Immunohistochemical analysis of paraffin-embedded human neuroendocrine carcinoma of the lung using Iba1/AIF-1 (E4O4W) XP® Rabbit mAb performed on the Leica® BOND Rx.
Immunohistochemical analysis of paraffin-embedded human colon carcinoma using Cathepsin B (D1C7Y) XP(R) Rabbit mAb.
Immunohistochemical analysis of paraffin-embedded LL2 syngeneic tumor using HS1 (D5A9) XP® Rabbit mAb.
Immunohistochemical analysis of paraffin-embedded J774A.1 cell pellet (left, positive) or RAW 264.7 cell pellet (right, negative) using ASC/TMS1 (D2W8U) Rabbit mAb.
Confocal immunofluorescent analysis of mouse liver (left) and kidney (right) using Cathepsin D (E179) Antibody (green). After blocking free secondary antibody binding sites with Rabbit (DA1E) mAb IgG XP® Isotype Control #3900, the tissue was then labeled using Iba1/AIF-1 (E4O4W) XP® Rabbit mAb (Alexa Fluor® 555 Conjugate) #36618 (red) and α-Smooth Muscle Actin (D4K9N) XP® Rabbit mAb (Alexa Fluor® 647 Conjugate) #76113 (cyan pseudocolor). Sections were mounted in ProLong® Gold Antifade Reagent with DAPI #8961 (blue).
Western blot analysis of human Aβ-42 peptide (1 ng) and human cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of an AD patient using β-Amyloid (D54D2) XP® Rabbit mAb.
Western blot analysis of extracts from B16-F10 cells, untreated (-) or treated with PNGase F (+), using GPNMB (E7U1Z) Rabbit mAb (upper) and β-Actin (D6A8) Rabbit mAb #8457 (lower).
Immunohistochemical analysis of paraffin-embedded mouse kidney using CD11c (D1V9Y) Rabbit mAb.
Immunohistochemical analysis of paraffin-embedded human non-Hodgkin's lymphoma using Iba1/AIF-1 (E4O4W) XP® Rabbit mAb performed on the Leica® BOND Rx.
Immunohistochemical analysis of paraffin-embedded normal human kidney using Cathepsin B (D1C7Y) XP(R) Rabbit mAb.
Confocal immunofluorescent analysis of fixed frozen mouse cortex from wild-type (left) or an amyloid mouse model of Alzheimer's disease (right) using HS1 (D5A9) XP® Rabbit mAb (green). After blocking free secondary antibody binding sites with Rabbit (DA1E) mAb IgG XP® Isotype Control #3900, the tissue was then labeled using β-Amyloid (D54D2) XP® Rabbit mAb (Alexa Fluor® 594 Conjugate) #35363 (red) and ProLong® Gold Antifade Reagent with DAPI #8961 (blue).
Immunohistochemical analysis of paraffin-embedded mouse forestomach using ASC/TMS1 (D2W8U) Rabbit mAb.
Western blot analysis of extracts from 293T cells, mock transfected (-) or transfected (+) with constructs expressing Myc/DDK-tagged full-length mouse GPNMB protein (mGPNMB-Myc/DDK) and Myc/DDK-tagged full-length human GPNMB protein (hGPNMB-Myc/DDK), using GPNMB (E7U1Z) Rabbit mAb (upper), DYKDDDDK Tag Antibody #2368 (middle), and β-Actin (D6A8) Rabbit mAb #8457 (lower).
Immunohistochemical analysis of paraffin-embedded mouse liver using CD11c (D1V9Y) Rabbit mAb.
Immunohistochemical analysis of paraffin-embedded human ovarian clear cell carcinoma using Iba1/AIF-1 (E4O4W) XP® Rabbit mAb (left) or Iba1/AIF-1 (E5N4J) Mouse mAb (IHC Formulated) #58970 (right) performed on the Leica® BOND Rx. These two antibodies detect independent, unique epitopes on human Iba1/AIF-1 protein. The similar staining patterns obtained with both antibodies help to confirm the specificity of the staining.
Immunohistochemical analysis of paraffin-embedded human ovarian carcinoma using Cathepsin B (D1C7Y) XP(R) Rabbit mAb.
Confocal immunofluorescent analysis of mouse Tg2576 brain which overexpresses mutant human APP695. Sections were first labeled with HS1 (D5A9) XP® Rabbit mAb (green) and APP/β-Amyloid (NAB228) Mouse mAb #2450 (yellow). After blocking free secondary binding sites with Mouse (G3A1) mAb IgG1 Isotype Control #5415, sections were incubated with GFAP (GA5) Mouse mAb (Alexa Fluor® 647 Conjugate) #3657 (red). Nuclei were labeled with Hoechst 33342 #4082 (blue).
Immunohistochemical analysis of paraffin-embedded mouse brain using ASC/TMS1 (D2W8U) Rabbit mAb.
Confocal immunofluorescent analysis of mouse subicular cortex from an amyloid mouse model of Alzheimer's Disease using β-Amyloid (D54D2) XP® Rabbit mAb #8243 (green) and GFAP (GA5) Mouse mAb #3670 (red). Samples were mounted in ProLong® Gold Antifade Reagent with DAPI #8961 (blue).
Confocal immunofluorescent analysis of brain from an amyloid mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease using GPNMB (E7U1Z) Rabbit mAb (green). After blocking free secondary antibody binding sites with Rabbit (DA1E) mAb IgG XP® Isotype Control #3900, the tissue was then labeled using HS1 (D5A9) XP® Rabbit mAb (Rodent Specific) (Alexa Fluor® 488 Conjugate) #68206 (red pseudocolor) and β-Amyloid (D54D2) XP® Rabbit mAb (Alexa Fluor® 647 Conjugate) #42284 (cyan pseudocolor). Sections were mounted in ProLong® Gold Antifade Reagent with DAPI #8961 (blue).
Immunohistochemical analysis of paraffin-embedded mouse lung using CD11c (D1V9Y) Rabbit mAb.
Dual immunohistochemical analysis of paraffin-embedded human Alzheimer's brain using Iba1/AIF-1 (E4O4W) XP® Rabbit mAb (brown) and APP/β-Amyloid (NAB228) Mouse mAb #2450 (red).
Confocal immunofluorescent analysis of 32D cells (left) and C2C12 cells (right), using HS1 (D5A9) XP® Rabbit mAb (green). Blue pseudocolor = DRAQ5® #4084 (fluorescent DNA dye).
Immunohistochemical analysis of paraffin-embedded mouse colon using ASC/TMS1 (D2W8U) Rabbit mAb (left) compared to concentration-matched Rabbit (DA1E) mAb IgG XP® Isotype Control #3900 (right).
Confocal immunofluorescent analysis of B16-F10 cells (left, positive) or 4T1 cells (right, negative) using GPNMB (E7U1Z) Rabbit mAb (green). Actin filaments were labeled with DyLight 554 Phalloidin #13054 (red). Samples were mounted in ProLong® Gold Antifade Reagent with DAPI #8961 (blue).
Immunohistochemical analysis of paraffin-embedded Raw 264.7 cell pellet (left, positive) or C2C12 cell pellet (right, negative) using CD11c (D1V9Y) Rabbit mAb.
Immunohistochemical analysis of paraffin-embedded mouse brain using Iba1/AIF-1 (E4O4W) XP® Rabbit mAb.
Confocal immunofluorescent analysis of Malme-3M (left) and MCF7 (right) cells using Cathepsin (D1C7Y) XP® Rabbit mAb (green) and β-Actin (8H10D10) Mouse mAb #3700 (red). Blue pseudocolor = DRAQ5® #4084 (fluorescent DNA dye).
Flow cytometric analysis of NIH/3T3 cells (blue, negative) and 32D clone 3 cells (green, positive) using HS1 (D5A9) XP® Rabbit mAb (solid lines) or concentration-matched Rabbit (DA1E) mAb IgG XP® Isotype Control #3900 (dashed lines). Anti-rabbit IgG (H+L), F(ab')2 Fragment (Alexa Fluor® 488 Conjugate) #4412 was used as a secondary antibody.
Immunohistochemical analysis of paraffin-embedded mouse thymus using ASC/TMS1 (D2W8U) Rabbit mAb.
Flow cytometric analysis of 4T1 cells (blue, negative) and B16-F10 cells (green, positive) using GPNMB (E7U1Z) Rabbit mAb (solid lines) or a concentration-matched Rabbit (DA1E) mAb IgG XP® Isotype Control #3900 (dashed lines). Anti-rabbit IgG (H+L), F(ab')2 Fragment (Alexa Fluor® 488 Conjugate) #4412 was used as a secondary antibody.
Immunohistochemical analysis of paraffin-embedded mouse spleen using CD11c (D1V9Y) Rabbit mAb.
Immunohistochemical analysis of paraffin-embedded mouse spleen using Iba1/AIF-1 (E4O4W) XP® Rabbit mAb.
Flow cytometric analysis of fixed/permeabilized Daudi cells (blue, negative) and SK-MEL-28 cells (green, positive) using Cathepsin B (D1C7Y) XP® Rabbit mAb (solid lines) or concentration-matched Rabbit (DA1E) mAb IgG XP® Isotype Control #3900 (dashed lines). Anti-rabbit IgG F(ab')2 Fragment (Alexa Fluor® 488 Conjugate) #4412 was used as a secondary antibody.
Immunohistochemical analysis of paraffin-embedded mouse small intestine using ASC/TMS1 (D2W8U) Rabbit mAb.
Confocal immunofluorescent analysis of mouse spleen (left) and mouse kidney (right) using CD11c (D1V9Y) Rabbit mAb. Nuclei were labeled with ProLong® Gold Antifade reagent with DAPI #8961 (blue).
Immunohistochemical analysis of paraffin-embedded mouse small intestine using Iba1/AIF-1 (E4O4W) XP® Rabbit mAb.
Immunohistochemical analysis of paraffin-embedded Renca syngeneic tumor (top left), 4T1 syngeneic mammary tumor (top right), Renca cell pellet (bottom left), and 4T1 cell pellet (bottom right) using ASC/TMS1 (D2W8U) Rabbit mAb. Both tumors show staining of infiltrating immune cells. Note the presence of staining in the Renca tumor cells and the lack of staining in the 4T1 tumor cells consistent with staining results on corresponding cell pellets.
Confocal immunofluorescent analysis of Raw 264.7 cells (left, positive) and 3T3 cells (right, negative) using CD11c (D1V9Y) Rabbit mAb (green). Red = Propidium Iodide (PI)/RNase Staining Solution #4087.
Immunohistochemical analysis of paraffin-embedded normal rat brain using Iba1/AIF-1 (E4O4W) XP® Rabbit mAb.
Immunohistochemical analysis of paraffin-embedded normal rhesus monkey spleen using Iba1/AIF-1 (E4O4W) XP® Rabbit mAb.
Immunohistochemical analysis of paraffin-embedded normal rhesus monkey liver using Iba1/AIF-1 (E4O4W) XP® Rabbit
Confocal immunofluorescent analysis of mouse Tg2576 brain which overexpresses mutant human APP695. Sections were first labeled with ASC/TMS1 (D2W8U) Rabbit mAb #67824 (green) and APP/β-Amyloid (NAB228) Mouse mAb #2450 (yellow). After blocking free secondary binding sites with Mouse (G3A1) mAb IgG1 Isotype Control #5415, sections were incubated with GFAP (GA5) Mouse mAb (Alexa Fluor® 647 Conjugate) #3657 (red). Nuclei were labeled with Hoechst 33342 #4082 (blue).
Confocal immunofluorescent analysis of human cortex (left) and mouse CA1 hippocampus (right) using Iba1/AIF-1 (E4O4W) XP® Rabbit mAb (green). In mouse tissue sections, cell nuclei were labeled with DAPI (blue). Images kindly provided by Dr. Simone Brioschi and Dr. Marco Colonna (Washington University) and used with permission.
Immunohistochemical analysis of paraffin-embedded normal Syrian hamster small intestine using Iba1/AIF-1 (E4O4W) XP® Rabbit mAb.
Confocal immunofluorescent analysis of mouse primary bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) either untreated (upper left) or treated with LPS (50 ng/ml, 4 hr, middle) or LPS followed by ATP (5 mM, 45 min, upper right), and J774A.1 (lower left) or Raw 264.7 (lower right) cells, using ASC/TMS1 (D2W8U) Rabbit mAb (green). Blue pseudocolor = DRAQ5® #4084 (fluorescent DNA dye). Note the translocation of ASC to inflammasomes following stimulation with LPS and ATP (white arrows).
Immunohistochemical analysis of paraffin-embedded human ovarian serous carcinoma using Iba1/AIF-1 (E4O4W) XP® Rabbit mAb.
Confocal immunofluorescent analysis of mouse small intestine using Iba1/AIF-1 (E4O4W) XP® Rabbit mAb (green). Actin filaments were labeled with DyLight 554 Phalloidin #13054 (red). Sections were mounted in ProLong® Gold Antifade Reagent with DAPI #8961 (blue).
Flow cytometric analysis of Raw264.7 cells (blue) and J774A.1 cells (green) using ASC/TMS1 (D2W8U) Rabbit mAb (solid lines) or a concentration-matched Rabbit (DA1E) mAb IgG XP® Isotype Control #3900 (dashed lines). Anti-rabbit IgG (H+L), F(ab')2 Fragment (Alexa Fluor® 488 Conjugate) #4412 was used as a secondary antibody.
Immunohistochemical analysis of paraffin-embedded human colon carcinoma using Iba1/AIF-1 (E4O4W) XP® Rabbit mAb.
Confocal immunofluorescent analysis of mouse liver using Iba1/AIF-1 (E4O4W) XP® Rabbit mAb (green). Actin filaments were labeled with DyLight 554 Phalloidin #13054 (red). Sections were mounted in ProLong® Gold Antifade Reagent with DAPI #8961 (blue).
Immunohistochemical analysis of paraffin-embedded human ductal breast carcinoma using Iba1/AIF-1 (E4O4W) XP® Rabbit mAb (left) compared to concentration-matched Rabbit (DA1E) mAb IgG XP® Isotype Control #3900 (right).
Confocal immunofluorescent analysis of microglia in mouse hippocampus using Iba1/AIF-1 (E4O4W) XP® Rabbit mAb (green). Sections were mounted in ProLong® Gold Antifade Reagent with DAPI #8961 (blue).
Immunohistochemical analysis of paraffin-embedded THP-1 cell pellet (left, positive) or SH-SY5Y cell pellet (right, negative) using Iba1/AIF-1 (E4O4W) XP® Rabbit mAb.
Confocal immunofluorescent analysis of THP-1 cells differentiated with TPA (12-O-Tetradecanoylphorbol-13-Acetate) #4174 (80 nM, 24 hr; left, positive) and SH-SY5Y cells (right, negative), using Iba1/AIF-1 (E4O4W) XP® Rabbit mAb (green). Actin filaments were labeled with DyLight 554 Phalloidin #13054 (red). Samples were mounted in ProLong® Gold Antifade Reagent with DAPI #8961 (blue).
Flow cytometric analysis of SH-SY5Y cells (blue, negative) and THP-1 cells (green, positive) using Iba1/AIF-1 (E4O4W) XP® Rabbit mAb (solid lines) or a concentration-matched Rabbit (DA1E) mAb IgG XP® Isotype Control #3900 (dashed lines). Anti-rabbit IgG (H+L), F(ab')2 Fragment (Alexa Fluor® 488 Conjugate) #4412 was used as a secondary antibody.
To Purchase # 30182
Cat. # Size Qty. Price
30182T
1 Kit  (9 x 20 microliters)

Product Includes Quantity Applications Reactivity MW(kDa) Isotype
Iba1/AIF-1 (E4O4W) XP® Rabbit mAb 17198 20 µl
  • WB
  • IP
  • IHC
  • IF
  • F
H M R Hm Mk 17 Rabbit IgG
TMEM119 (E3E1O) Rabbit mAb 90840 20 µl
  • IF
M Rabbit IgG
β-Amyloid (D54D2) XP® Rabbit mAb 8243 20 µl
  • WB
  • IP
  • IF
H 5 Rabbit IgG
GPNMB (E7U1Z) Rabbit mAb 90205 20 µl
  • WB
  • IF
  • F
M 90, 100 Rabbit IgG
CD11c (D1V9Y) Rabbit mAb 97585 20 µl
  • WB
  • IHC
  • IF
M 145 Rabbit IgG
HS1 (D5A9) XP® Rabbit mAb 3892 20 µl
  • WB
  • IP
  • IHC
  • IF
  • F
M 80 Rabbit IgG
Cathepsin B (D1C7Y) XP® Rabbit mAb 31718 20 µl
  • WB
  • IHC
  • IF
  • F
H M R 44, 27, 24 Rabbit IgG
Cathepsin D (E179) Antibody 69854 20 µl
  • WB
  • IF
H M R 46, 43, 28 Rabbit 
ASC/TMS1 (D2W8U) Rabbit mAb 67824 20 µl
  • WB
  • IP
  • IHC
  • IF
  • F
M 22 Rabbit IgG
Anti-rabbit IgG, HRP-linked Antibody 7074 100 µl
  • WB
Goat 

Product Description

The Mouse Reactive Alzheimer's Disease Model Microglia Phenotyping IF Antibody Sampler Kit provides an economical means of detecting microglia proteins in β-Amyloid mouse models of Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) by immunofluorescence and/or western blot. This kit includes enough primary antibodies to perform at least twenty IF-F tests or two western blot experiments per primary antibody.

Specificity / Sensitivity

Each antibody in the Mouse Reactive Alzheimer's Disease Model Microglia Phenotyping IF Antibody Sampler Kit detects endogenous levels of its target protein. β-Amyloid (D54D2) XP® Rabbit mAb detects transgenically expressed human APP in mouse models and several isoforms of Aβ, such as Aβ-37, Aβ-38, Aβ-39, Aβ-40, and Aβ-42. HS1 has a calculated size of 54 kDa, but has an apparent molecular weight of 80 kDa on SDS-PAGE gels. Cathepsin B (D1C7Y) XP® Rabbit mAb detects the heavy chain subunit of cathepsin B. Cathepsin D (E179) Antibody detects endogenous levels of preprocathepsin D, procathepsin D, and the heavy chain subunit of mature cathepsin D protein.

Source / Purification

Monoclonal antibodies are produced by immunizing animals with synthetic peptides corresponding to residues surrounding Ala139 of human Iba1/AIF-1 protein, Leu310 of mouse HS1 protein, Ala1153 of mouse CD11c protein, and Glu179 of mouse cathepsin D protein. Antibodies are also produced with the recombinant heavy chain subunit of human cathepsin B protein and mouse ASC/TMS1 protein, and the amino terminus of human β-amyloid peptide (Aβ), human TMEM119, and mouse GPNMB protein. Cathepsin D (E179) Antibody is purified by peptide affinity chromatography.

Background

Distinct microglial activation states have been identified using RNA-seq data from a vast array of neurological disease and aging models. In both mouse models of Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) and AD patients, unique microglia molecular signatures are associated with disease progression (1-3). AD  progression is correlated with the extracellular deposition and accumulation of the released Aβ fragments, derived from the transmembrane glycoprotein Amyloid β (Aβ) precursor protein (APP), that form amyloid plaques, the pathological hallmark of AD (4). Microglia are the resident macrophages of the brain and contribute to neurodegenerative disease (5). Ionized calcium-binding adaptor molecule 1 (Iba1), also known as allograft inflammatory factor 1 (AIF-1), is uniquely expressed in cells of monocytic lineage and is, therefore, widely used as a marker for microglia/macrophages in the brain and other tissue (6,7). HS1 (HCLS1, LckBP1, p75) is a protein kinase substrate that is expressed only in tissues and cells of hematopoietic origin and is also expressed in microglia (8,9). Transmembrane protein 119 (TMEM119) is a cell-surface protein of unknown function, expressed exclusively by the microglia subset of myeloid and neural cells (10). Iba1+ microglia with both ramified and amoeboid morphologies express TMEM119, while Iba1+ macrophages are TMEM119 negative (11). TMEM119 and other homeostatic genes have been shown to be downregulated in microglia. In addition to general markers of microglia, several microglia genes are upregulated during disease progression (12). CD11c (integrin αX, ITGAX) is a transmembrane glycoprotein that forms an α/β heterodimer with CD18 (integrin β2), which interacts with a variety of extracellular matrix molecules and cell surface proteins (13). CD11c-positive microglia transcriptionally correlate with amyloid plaques (14). In addition, other genes are upregulated in a similar manner. Glycoprotein non-metastatic gene B (GPNMB) is a type I transmembrane glycoprotein overexpressed in many types of cancer. The GPNMB glycoprotein is involved in many physiological processes, including mediating transport of late melanosomes to keratinocytes (9,15). Cathepsin B and D are widely expressed cysteine and aspartyl proteases, respectively, involved in the normal degradation of proteins (16,17). ASC/TMS1 has been found to be a critical component of inflammatory signaling where it associates with and activates caspase-1 in response to pro-inflammatory signals and may directly contribute to amyloid plaque formation (18,19).

  1. Keren-Shaul, H. et al. (2017) Cell 169, 1276-1290.e17.
  2. Mathys, H. et al. (2019) Nature 570, 332-337.
  3. Dubbelaar, M.L. et al. (2018) Front Immunol 9, 1753.
  4. Selkoe, D.J. (1996) J Biol Chem 271, 18295-8.
  5. Lewcock, J.W. et al. (2020) Neuron 108, 801-821.
  6. Schulze, J.O. et al. (2008) FEBS J 275, 4627-40.
  7. Deininger, M.H. et al. (2002) FEBS Lett 514, 115-21.
  8. Kitamura, D. et al. (1989) Nucleic Acids Res 17, 9367-79.
  9. Kitamura, D. et al. (1995) Biochem Biophys Res Commun 208, 1137-46.
  10. Satoh, J. et al. (2016) Neuropathology 36, 39-49.
  11. Deczkowska, A. et al. (2018) Cell 173, 1073-1081.
  12. Hansen, D.V. et al. (2018) J Cell Biol 217, 459-472.
  13. Uotila, L.M. et al. (2013) J Biol Chem 288, 33494-9.
  14. Kamphuis, W. et al. (2016) Biochim Biophys Acta 1862, 1847-60.
  15. Tomihari, M. et al. (2009) Exp Dermatol 18, 586-95.
  16. Gan, L. et al. (2004) J Biol Chem 279, 5565-72.
  17. Faust, P.L. et al. (1985) Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 82, 4910-4.
  18. Srinivasula, S.M. et al. (2002) J Biol Chem 277, 21119-22.
  19. Venegas, C. and Heneka, M.T. (2019) FASEB J 33, 13075-13084.

Pathways

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For Research Use Only. Not for Use in Diagnostic Procedures.
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