Recombinant antibodies offer several key advantages compared to traditional antibodies. These include superior lot-to-lot consistency, continuous supply, and animal-free manufacturing. As such, recombinant antibodies are seeing increased use for scientific research, especially as a means of addressing the ongoing reproducibility crisis.
Traditional polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies are the product of normal B cell development and genetic recombination. They are generated by immunizing an animal with an antigen to elicit an immune response. While polyclonal antibodies are secreted by many different B cell clones and recognize multiple antigenic epitopes, monoclonals originate from a single B cell clone and are specific for just one epitope.
Recombinant antibodies are monoclonal, but their production involves in vitro genetic manipulation. After cloning the antibody genes into an expression vector, this is then transfected into an appropriate host cell line for antibody expression. Mammalian cell lines are most commonly used for recombinant antibody production, although cell lines of bacterial, yeast, or insect origin are also suitable.
Because recombinant antibody production involves sequencing the antibody light and heavy chains, it is a highly controlled and reliable process. In contrast, hybridoma-based systems for producing monoclonal antibodies are subject to genetic drift and instability, increasing the potential for lot-to-lot variability or loss of antibody expression. Recombinant antibodies are highly consistent from lot to lot, thereby ensuring reproducible experimental results.
In vitro methods for producing antibodies are amenable to large-scale production, meaning antibody availability is unlikely to become a limiting factor. Moreover, since the recombinant antibody sequence is known, continuity of supply is assured; in situations where an antibody will be used to support large, long-term studies, this can be an especially critical factor.
Unlike traditional methods for antibody production, recombinant approaches avoid the need to use animals. Where polyclonal antibodies are purified directly from the serum of the immunized host, and monoclonals are purified from either hybridoma-derived tissue culture supernatant or ascites, recombinant antibodies are instead purified from the tissue culture supernatants of transfected host cell lines. Regardless of whether an antibody is polyclonal, monoclonal or recombinant, it must always be properly validated in the intended application prior to experimental use. At CST, we adhere to the Hallmarks of Antibody Validation™, six complementary strategies for determining the specificity, sensitivity, and functionality of an antibody in any given assay. By carefully tailoring these strategies to each antibody product, we guarantee that CST antibodies will work as expected, to help you achieve results you can trust.
| Cat. # | Size | Qty. | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| 50165S | 100 µl (50 tests) |
|
| REACTIVITY | H |
| SENSITIVITY | Endogenous |
| MW (kDa) | |
| Source/Isotype | Rabbit IgG |
Product Information
| Application | Dilution |
|---|---|
| Flow Cytometry (Live) | 1:50 |
NOTE: Prepare solutions with reverse osmosis deionized (RODI) or equivalent grade water.
NOTE: When including fluorescent cellular dyes in your experiment (including viability dyes, DNA dyes, etc.), please refer to the dye product page for the recommended protocol. Visit www.cellsignal.com for a full listing of cellular dyes validated for use in flow cytometry.
NOTE: Count cells using a hemocytometer or alternative method.
NOTE: If using whole blood, lyse red blood cells and wash by centrifugation prior to immunostaining.
NOTE: Human Fc receptors cross-react with rabbit IgG. When cells of interest express high levels of Fc receptor protein (for example, macrophage/monocyte lineages), pre-incubate live cells with human Fc block prior to immunostaining with rabbit antibodies.
NOTE: Optimal centrifugation conditions will vary depending upon cell type and reagent volume. Generally, 150-300g for 1-5 minutes will be sufficient to pellet the cells.
posted June 2017
revised January 2022
Protocol Id: 1504
Human
Monoclonal antibody is produced by immunizing animals with a synthetic peptide corresponding to residues surrounding Gly653 of human CD109 protein.
CD109 is a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-linked glycoprotein that belongs to the alpha2-macroglobulin family of thioester containing proteins (1). CD109 is associated with TGF-beta receptor I (TbRI) and inhibits TGF-beta signaling (2,3). Cleavage of CD109 at its Furin cleavage site results in the release of its large amino-terminal domain, which then binds to the TGF-beta receptor I to inhibit TGF-beta signaling (4-7). CD109 is expressed on a subset of CD34+ bone marrow cells and mesenchymal stem cells, activated platelets, activated T cells, endothelial cells, and a wide variety of tumors (8-10). Elevated CD109 expression has been considered a diagnostic/prognostic marker for several types of cancers (11-14).
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